My Blog: April 2015

11. Mention thw kinds of pronoun!

Make sentences for each kind!

Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun e.g she, he, it, his, her, him etc.

1. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang mendahuluinya (antecedent) yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent clause atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause. Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.

Example :

· The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

· The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.

· The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.

Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).

Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, dan the book disebut dengan istilah antecedent.

· Voters whose names begin with the letters M to Z should go to Room 2.

· That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.

· Hands up everyone who would like a drink.

Untuk menunjuk pada orang, gunakan relative pronouns: who, whom, whose dan that.

· the man who spoke

the man that spoke (meskipun pemakaian that juga benar, who lebih disarankan sebagai subject pronoun)

· the man that I saw

the man whom I saw (meskipun pemakaian whom juga benar, that lebih disarankan sebagai object pronoun)

Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative pronouns: which, that dan whose.

· the cat which was sitting on the mat

· the cat that was sitting on the mat

· the book whose cover was torn

· a book to which I often refer

Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu benda, of which bisa dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.

· a book the cover of which was torn

Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata ganti seperti whoever, whomever, whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite relative pronouns (relative pronounstanpa antecedent).

· The boy will tease whomever he likes.

· She said whatever came to mind.

· Let in whoever comes to me.

Kata what juga dapat digunakan sebagai indefinite relative pronouns, contoh:

· I will tell you what you need to know.

· I know what I like.

2. Indefinite relative pronouns memiliki sifat yang terdapat pada relative pronouns maupun indefinite pronouns. Jenis pronouns ini seperti menunjuk pada suatu kata benda, tetapi orang atau benda yang dimaksud tidak disebutkan dengan jelas.

3. Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns adalah kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, tempat, atau sesuatu benda. Dalam kalimat, personal pronouns dapat digunakan sebagai subjek (the subject of a verb) maupun objek (the object of a verb).

Subject Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai subjek kata kerja adalah I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:

· Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.

Pada kalimat pertama, Lisa (proper noun) adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, she adalah subjek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk Lisa.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai subjek:

· My name is Michael. I am fourteen.

· Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.

Object Pronouns

Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai objek kata kerja adalah me, you, him, her, it, us dan them. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:

· Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.

Pada kalimat pertama, cats adalah objek kalimat atau objek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, them adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk cats.

Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai objek:

· I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.

· Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, pembicara atau orang yang berbicara disebut dengan orang pertama (first person), sedangkan yang diajak berbicara adalah orang kedua (second person), dan orang yang dibicarakan disebut sebagai orang ketiga (third person).

Berikut ini adalah tabel kata ganti untuk orang pertama (first person), kedua (second person), dan ketiga (third person).


	subject	object
first person singular	I	me
second person singular	you	you
third person singular	he	him
	she	her
	it	it
first person plural	we	us
second person plural	you	you
third person plural	they	them

4. Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Kata-kata yang biasa digunakan adalah mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

Contoh:
- Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
- This new car is mine.

5. Restrictive Clause

Restrictive clause adalah klausa adjektiva yang digunakan untuk memberikan tambahan informasi yang bermanfaat bagi nomina yang mendahuluinya dan informasi tersebut membedakan nomina itu dari yang lain.

Contoh:

- Yesterday I met an old man who could fortell the future.

- The book which you lent me is very interesting.

- This is the place that I visited two years ago.

6. Non-restrictive Clause

Non-restrictive clause adalah klause adjektiva yang semata-mata memberikan keterangan tambahan pada nomina yang mendahuluinya, namun keterangan tambahan tersebut tidaklah begitu penting seperti halnya dalam restrictive clause. Atau dengan kata lain, keterangan tambahan tersebut bisa kita hilangkan karena nominanya sudah tertentu dan sudah dimengerti.

Non-restrictive clause dalam kalimat ditulis dengan menggunakan tanda koma (,).

Contoh:

- Mr. Rahman, who lives next door, is a good neighbor.

- CNN, which broadcasts actual news, is my favorite TV station.

- I like reading The Firm, which was written by John Grisham.

There are 3 types of question ! what are they ?

Give the exemples for these 3 types !

There are three basic question types:

1. Yes/No: the answer is “yes or no”

2. Information Question

3. Choice: the answer is “in the question”

1. Yes/No Questions

The answers for simple questions in English are "Yes,","No," or "I don't know" (or its equivalent). The answers for information questions are varied--because they are used to ask about specific kinds of information. There are 2 types of interrogative sentence in English (question words), namely: The WH question words and Yes or no questions

Yes-no question can be made by changing the declarative sentence (statement). You have to know which one subject, the main verb (not followed by any verb), and helping / auxiliary verb (primary auxiliary verb / capital). Brief explanation is as follows.

Example :

a. Does he drink a juice ?

- Yes, he does

- No. he does not

b. Do they make fried rice ?

- Yes, they do

- No, they do not

2. Information Question (5W+1H)

The questions answered in the lead of a conventional newspaper article: who, what, when, where, why and how. Information questions are also called "Wh-" questions because many of the words that are used to ask this type of question begin with Wh-.

The 5Ws + H formula has been attributed to English rhetorician Thomas Wilson, who introduced the method in his discussion of the "seven circumstances" of medieval rhetoric

To be a journalist 5W 1H is very important, especially to write "lede" (some call it "leads") news, which is a paragraph (or two paragraphs) opening news. In approximately 35-40 words, should insert the 5W 1H. It was in the news writing.

Example sentences Information Question (5W+1H)

- What was he watching? = sedang menonton apa dia?

- Who are they? = siapa mereka?

- Where do you live? = dimana kamu tinggal?

- When do you marry? = kapan kamu menikah?

- Why did it happen? = mengapa hal itu terjadi?

- How did it happen? = bagaimana hal itu terjadi?

3. Choice Question

Sometimes we give our listener a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:

Do you want tea ir coffee? Coffee, Please

Will we meet Jhon or James? Jhon.

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com

http://harussukses1kb07.blogspot.com/2014/04/bahasa-inggris-bisnis-2-tugas-2.html

http://englishinstitutonline.blogspot.com/2012/04/non-restrictive-clause.html

Name : Nugeraha Azhima

NPM : 15211263

Class : 4EA20

Assignments 1

1. Find the definition of subject, verb, object, and complement ?

Answer :

Subject : The part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates (a) what it is about, or (b) who or what performs the action (that is, the agent). The subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb ("Ahmad never smiles"). In an interrogative sentence, the subject usually follows the first part of a verb ("Does ahmad ever smile?"). The subject of a sentence is the noun,pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

For Example :

· He is a really nice guy.

“He” is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.

· My cat attacked the burglar.

“My cat” is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.

Verb : A verb is the essential part of the predicate of a sentence. The grammatical forms of verbs include number, person and tense. (Seeauxiliary verb, infinitive, intransitiveverb, irregular verb, participle,regular verb, and transitive verb.)

· “We buy some books to learn English verbs. In this example, the action word is “to buy”. It tells us that the subject “we”, that is the person who performs the action of the verb is “buying some books”.

Object : A part of a sentence a noun, pronoun, or group of words thatreceives or is affected by the action of a verb. ( See direct object, indirect object and objective case).

· “They named their daughter Natasha”. In that sentence, "daughter" is the direct object and "Natasha" is the object complement, which renames or describes the direct object.

The indirect object identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed. The direct object and indirect object are different people or places or things. The direct objects in the sentences below are in boldface; the indirect objects are in italics.

· The instructor gave his students A's.

· Grandfather left Rosalita and Raoul all his money.

· Jo-Bob sold me her boat.

Incidentally, the word me (and similar object-form pronouns such as him, us, them) is not always an indirect object; it will also serve, sometimes, as a direct object.

Complement : The Complement can often be confused with the Object. While the Subject and Object of a clause, in the vast majority of cases, refer to different entities, the Complement gives more information about either the Subject or the Object. As with the Subject and Object elements, there is only one grouping or phrase which is considered to be the Complement of a clause. A subject complement follows a linking verb; it is normally an adjective or a noun that renames or defines in some way the subject.

o A glacier is a huge body of ice.

o Glaciers are beautiful and potentially dangerous at the same time.

o This glacier is not yet fully formed. (verb form acting as an adjective, a participle)

Adjective complements are also called predicate adjectives; noun complements are also called predicate nouns or predicate nominatives. See predicates, above. An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective.

o The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy. (The noun "Vice President" complements the direct object "Dogbreath"; the adjective "happy" complements the object "him.")

o The clown got the children too excited. (The participle "excited" complements the object "children.")

A verb complement is a direct or indirect object of a verb. (See above.)

o Granny left Raoul all her money. (Both "money" [the direct object] and "Raoul" [the indirect object] are said to be the verb complements of this sentence.)

2. Find the theory of Subject – Verb Agreement.

A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Example: The list of items is/are on the desk.
If you know that list is the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.

· A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room.

A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)

· My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.

· Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.

· Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.

· Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.

Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.

· Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the festival.

Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival.
She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.