11. Mention thw kinds of pronoun!
Make sentences for each kind!
Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun e.g she, he, it, his, her, him etc.
1. Relative Pronouns
Relative
pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang
mendahuluinya (antecedent) yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam
kalimat. Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent
clause atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi
tambahan kepada independent clause atau main clause. Kata ganti
yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.
Example :
·
The man who is sitting in the corner
is my friend.
·
The boy whom we visited is her
boyfriend.
·
The girl whose car was sold will go to
study abroad.
Kata who, whom, whose,
which, dan that pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda
sebelumnya (the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).
Nouns (kata benda)
atau pronouns (kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl,
the filling cabinet, dan the book disebut dengan
istilah antecedent.
·
Voters whose names begin with the letters M
to Z should go to Room 2.
·
That photo is a reminder
of someone who was very important to me.
·
Hands up everyone who would like a
drink.
Untuk menunjuk pada orang,
gunakan relative pronouns: who, whom, whose dan that.
·
the man who spoke
the man that spoke (meskipun pemakaian that juga
benar, who lebih disarankan sebagai subject pronoun)
·
the man that I saw
the
man whom I saw (meskipun pemakaian whom juga
benar, that lebih disarankan sebagai object pronoun)
Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya
atau hewan, gunakan relative pronouns: which, that dan whose.
·
the cat which was sitting on the mat
·
the cat that was sitting on the mat
·
the book whose cover was torn
·
a book to which I often refer
Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu
benda, of which bisa dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.
·
a book the cover of which was torn
Perluasan relative
pronouns dengan kata ganti seperti whoever, whomever,
whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite relative pronouns (relative
pronounstanpa antecedent).
·
The boy will tease whomever he likes.
·
She said whatever came to mind.
·
Let in whoever comes to me.
Kata what juga dapat
digunakan sebagai indefinite relative pronouns, contoh:
·
I will tell you what you need to know.
·
I know what I like.
2. Indefinite relative pronouns memiliki
sifat yang terdapat pada relative pronouns maupun indefinite
pronouns. Jenis pronouns ini seperti menunjuk pada suatu kata benda,
tetapi orang atau benda yang dimaksud tidak disebutkan dengan jelas.
3. Personal Pronouns
Personal
pronouns adalah kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, tempat, atau sesuatu
benda. Dalam kalimat, personal pronouns dapat digunakan sebagai subjek (the
subject of a verb) maupun objek (the object of a verb).
Subject Pronouns
Personal
pronouns yang digunakan sebagai subjek kata kerja adalah I, you, he,
she, it, we, dan they. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:
·
Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.
Pada kalimat pertama, Lisa (proper
noun) adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada
kalimat kedua, she adalah subjek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk
Lisa.
Beberapa contoh personal
pronouns sebagai subjek:
·
My name is Michael. I am fourteen.
·
Our dog is very naughty. It likes to
chase cats.
Object Pronouns
Personal pronouns yang
digunakan sebagai objek kata kerja adalah me, you, him, her, it,
us dan them. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:
·
Lisa likes cats. She likes to
stroke them.
Pada kalimat
pertama, cats adalah objek kalimat atau objek kata kerja likes.
Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, them adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai
kata ganti untuk cats.
Beberapa contoh personal
pronouns sebagai objek:
·
I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.
·
Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later
Dalam tata bahasa Inggris,
pembicara atau orang yang berbicara disebut dengan orang pertama (first
person), sedangkan yang diajak berbicara adalah orang kedua (second person),
dan orang yang dibicarakan disebut sebagai orang ketiga (third person).
Berikut ini adalah tabel kata ganti
untuk orang pertama (first person), kedua (second person), dan ketiga (third
person).
|
subject
|
object
|
||||||
|
first person singular
|
I
|
me
|
|||||
|
second person singular
|
you
|
you
|
|||||
|
third person singular
|
he
|
him
|
|||||
|
she
|
her
|
||||||
|
it
|
it
|
||||||
|
first person plural
|
we
|
us
|
|||||
|
second person plural
|
you
|
you
|
|||||
|
third person plural
|
they
|
them
|
|||||
4. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns adalah kata ganti
yang menunjukkan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Kata-kata yang biasa digunakan
adalah mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Contoh:
- Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
- This new car is mine.
- Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.
- This new car is mine.
5. Restrictive Clause
Restrictive clause adalah klausa adjektiva
yang digunakan untuk memberikan tambahan informasi yang bermanfaat bagi nomina
yang mendahuluinya dan informasi tersebut membedakan nomina itu dari yang lain.
Contoh:
-
Yesterday I met an old man who could
fortell the future.
-
The book which you lent me is very
interesting.
-
This is the place that I visited two years
ago.
6. Non-restrictive Clause
Non-restrictive clause adalah klause
adjektiva yang semata-mata memberikan keterangan tambahan pada nomina yang
mendahuluinya, namun keterangan tambahan tersebut tidaklah begitu penting
seperti halnya dalam restrictive clause. Atau dengan kata lain, keterangan
tambahan tersebut bisa kita hilangkan karena nominanya sudah tertentu dan sudah
dimengerti.
Non-restrictive clause dalam kalimat
ditulis dengan menggunakan tanda koma (,).
Contoh:
-
Mr. Rahman, who lives next door, is a good neighbor.
-
CNN, which broadcasts actual news, is my
favorite TV station.
-
I like reading The Firm, which was
written by John Grisham.
There
are 3 types of question ! what are they ?
Give
the exemples for these 3 types !
There
are three basic question types:
1. Yes/No: the answer is “yes or
no”
2. Information Question
3. Choice: the answer is “in the
question”
1.
Yes/No Questions
The answers for simple questions
in English are "Yes,","No," or "I don't know" (or
its equivalent). The answers for information questions are varied--because they
are used to ask about specific kinds of information. There are 2 types of
interrogative sentence in English (question words), namely: The WH
question words and Yes or no questions
Yes-no question can be made by
changing the declarative sentence (statement). You have to know which one
subject, the main verb (not followed by any verb), and helping / auxiliary verb
(primary auxiliary verb / capital). Brief explanation is as follows.
Example :
a. Does he drink a juice ?
-
Yes,
he does
-
No.
he does not
b. Do they make fried rice ?
-
Yes,
they do
-
No,
they do not
2.
Information Question (5W+1H)
The questions answered in the
lead of a conventional newspaper article: who, what, when, where, why and how.
Information questions are also called "Wh-" questions because many of
the words that are used to ask this type of question begin with Wh-.
The 5Ws + H formula has been
attributed to English rhetorician Thomas Wilson, who introduced the method in
his discussion of the "seven circumstances" of medieval rhetoric
To be a journalist 5W 1H is
very important, especially to write "lede" (some call it
"leads") news, which is a paragraph (or two paragraphs) opening news.
In approximately 35-40 words, should insert the 5W 1H. It was in the news
writing.
Example sentences Information
Question (5W+1H)
-
What
was he watching? = sedang menonton apa dia?
-
Who
are they? = siapa mereka?
-
Where
do you live? = dimana kamu tinggal?
-
When
do you marry? = kapan kamu menikah?
-
Why
did it happen? = mengapa hal itu terjadi?
-
How
did it happen? = bagaimana hal itu terjadi?
3.
Choice Question
Sometimes we give our listener
a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer
is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:
Do you want tea ir coffee?
Coffee, Please
Will we meet Jhon or James? Jhon.
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